Succesful Terminal Hedonism

Jill and Braxus were on the main deck of the Comet class starship Opportunity, eyes glued to the viewscreen. Braxus, a trexian with characteristically pastel blue skin, black eyes, and sharp teeth, sat in the pilot’s chair, manipulating instruments slightly from time to time. Jill, a thirty-three year old human female with black curly hair, leaned against the far bulkhead and tried to keep up with what was happening on the screen. She zippered her jacket up as high as it went and stuffed her hands into her pockets. It was always a little too cold for her on the Opportunity. It had been six months since she pulled Braxus from the wreckage of their shuttle in the parking lot of a Taco Bell, six months since she’d said “fuck it” and left Earth with Braxus to see the rest of the galaxy. Since then they had bounced from riftgate to riftgate, keeping a low profile. It was deeply illegal for Braxus to land on a planet that hadn’t developed system-to-system travel, and the trexian authorities would, to quote Braxus, “pull my snert out through my mouth without washing their hands first” if they caught them. Jill only learned that Braxus was a low-level criminal a few days after they departed Earth. She briefly considered demanding to be returned, but…. they were in fucking space! Last week she saw a star go supernova. Yesterday she had walked among mushroom stalks thirty feet tall. For the first time since she was eighteen Jill felt some excitement, some real visceral joy in her gut. Danger or not, Jill couldn’t imagine returning home now.

A series of beeps emanated from the viewscreen as a planet was displayed. In sharp resolution Jill could see the dark grey world, bluish clouds swaying across its surface. A series of indicators relayed information to Braxus. The trexian studied the readout closely for a moment before sucking in a breath between pursed lips. Their eye ridges glowed a faint pink, betraying their excitement.

”Well well well, “Braxus muttered, “haven’t seen one-a these in a long while, huh.”

For some reason the translator chip nestled just below the skin of Jill’s right ear gave Braxus something of a guttural cockney accent to her, and she hadn’t gotten around to asking them why that might be.

“You haven’t seen what in a long while?” Jill asked.

Braxus pivoted the chair around to look at Jill and gestured to the screen behind them.

“What you are seeing, dear ignorant human, is an example of one of the twelve recognized ends of sentient species.”

“Twelve known ends?” Jill asked, eyes flipping back and forth between the screen and Braxus’s grin, or what passed for a grin. Braxus reveled a little too much in rubbing her nose in her ignorance, but Jill could put up with a bit of douchebagery in exchange for more information.

”Yeah, twelve of um. Twelve recognized official ends. From time to time o’ course you’ll get a one-off, but the recognized ends are the most common by far.” Braxus spun the chair back around and began manipulating the controls again, but kept talking the whole time. “I knew a species wot’ voluntarily extincted itself. I knew another species, the vespits, they went and got their whole planet shoved sideways into a neighboring universe. Then there were the doogs, holy shit, they went and- “

Jill had gotten used to Braxus dancing around the point and knew she needed to keep them on target.

“Which of the twelve ends did this planet end up with? “ she said, cutting him off.

“Wa? Oh right. Well, dear ignorant human, you are looking a planet wot’ went down the path of Sucessful Terminal Hedonism. Not too many species take that particular road. No no, not a popular one, far as the ends go. Hardly any folk enticed by that path, no no. Barely anyone- “

“What is Successful Terminal Hedonism?” Jill said, flatly, again cutting Braxus off.

“Right right, well. So, across the known galaxy sentient species have asked themselves “What, ultimately, do we want? Why all this busyness with the whole being alive thing, right? And the answer is pretty much always something like happiness.”

Braxus spun in their chair again to face Jill, eye ridges flaring pink again. They leaned back with their fingers behind their head, adopting what might be called a philosophical pose.

“O course, you can argue about whatchu mean bout happiness. Species got all kinds of words that kind of all fall under the category of happiness. Fullfillment, peace, enlightenment snafyut, treglus….” Jill stopped listening as closely as Braxus started listing a string of words the translator chip couldn’t handle. She took the opportunity to stare more closely at the planet’s surface, which was clearer now as the ship approached. She had never seen a more organized planet. Even from orbital distance she could tell that this entire planet had been built over, a patterned complex of black and grey metal crisscrossing the globe. If the planet hadn’t come to an end, as Braxus had put it, she would have expected it to have lights shining up from the surface, but the planet was dark.

“…felztrup, yeetgri, and a few others I can’t remember. Anyway, we can be a little vague about what we mean by happiness. BUT!,” and here they stabbed a finger into the air, “Whatever sensation or emotion you land on, all of that ultimately boils down to whatever kind of nervous system you happen to have. They all look real different, but all of them are responsible for our conscious perception of the world, right? So, that should mean, that with the right tech, right, you could just interface with your nervous system and take the direct route: cause yourself to just feel the sensation or emotion you want to feel right?”

Jill frowned and looked back and Braxus, objections already forming in her mind.

“What, so that’d be like if humans just attached something to our brains and we could push a button and just… feel happy? Isn’t that basically like a really fancy drug?”

Braxus nodded sagely.

“It is in fact, exactly like a fancy drug.” Braxus spun around yet again and began manipulating the instruments, beginning the process of lowering the craft through the atmosphere.

“The trick is of course, that most drugs have nasty side-effects and you got to manufacture them and so on, but direct stimulation tends to be cheaper and have fewer side-effects. So, once you got that technology it doesn’t take long for someone of the species to say: ‘Hey, doesn’t this technology sort of just….skip ahead to the point of everything anyway? I mean we play games and eat food and we fuck, or whatever that species does to make more of itself, and have professions and…. all of that just seems to be a way of getting happiness, right? But this tech lets us just get happiness instantly, reliably, and way easier and cheaper? So why doesn’t everyone just wire themselves up and take a seat and enjoy?”

Jill didn’t like were this story was going. She felt a subtle kind of unease over what she thought Braxus was telling her.

“Wait wait, just, sit down and push a button and be happy? Isn’t that like, incredibly unfulfilling? And what about excitement? The feeling of something new? How can you get that just sitting down in one place, hooked up to a machine?”

Braxus shook their head.

“You’re not quite gettin it, dear ignorant human. Excitement is a feeling. The sensation of newness? Peace? Sexual pleasure? Fulfillment? Religious ecstasy? All feelings, all mediated by your nervous system, and all reliably reproducible by technology.”

Jill shook her head harder, and her brow furrowed in resistance.

“But you wouldn’t do anything. That’s fucking awful.”

Braxus shot back, “If the point of the doing is the feeling you get, then you don’t need the doing, right?”

"Fuck that.” Jill said, “It’s not the same and you know it.”

Braxus shrugged again and began carefully manipulating the controls for atmospheric descent. dipping into the very outer edge of the atmosphere. The air outside rumbled against the outer shell of the craft. They glanced briefly behind themselves and said, “Not necessarily sayin I disagree with you mind, just giving you the idea.”

“Anyway,” Braxus continued, “that tech by itself won’t get you Successful Terminal Hedonism. After all, if everyone on the planet is hooked up to a happiness machine, who is going to do all the work? Who produces food and fuel? Who takes care of sick people? Who maintains the machines and keeps the power running? Answer: AI and robots, which is actually the trickier tech to make. This is why another one of the Twelve Ends is, perhaps unsurprisingly, Unsuccessful Terminal Hedonism.”

Braxus’s fingers danced across a control pad and a screen next to where Jill was standing came to life. The screen showed a city, broken and dirty beyond anything Jill had ever seen. Scattered around the street were humanoid figures with two small eyestalks protruding from their heads, all of them unmoving and horribly emaciated, skin parched and drawn in. Almost all of them had some kind of device strapped to their waists, cables threading from the grey box on their waists to the base of their skulls, where the cables were burrowed into their flesh. No obvious injuries were on most of them. It looks like they had simply laid down and waited to die. The buildings nearby were burned out and smashed. Here and there was a different scene, scenes of conflict. The image on the screen changed and Jill saw one of the creatures with no device that appeared to be clutching the cables of one of the devices in their hand, as if they had ripped the cable off of another of their kind. This body had the back of it’s head caved in, as if hit with a rock.

“What the fuck am I looking at Braxus?” Jill asked, her face ashen in the glow of the viewscreen.

"You are looking at Relto-5, home of a sentient species called the frevs.” Braxus said. “An example of Unsuccessful Terminal Hedonism. See, if you develop the happiness tech, but a species fails to control its use, this is what you get. Imagine if, on your primitive planet, a drug appeared on the street that was functionally reusable, had little to no physical side-effects, and could make you feel better than you ever had before at the push of a button. Strek, you could even customize the things. A button for an orgasm, a button for feeling excitement, a button for tranquility, on and on. What do you think might happen?”

Jill didn’t want to think about it, but she could hardly deny the possibility: “Well, I suppose it’s possible that we’d be fucked as a species. I could imagine people buying one of these boxes and immediately giving up on everything. If the thing only took as much juice as a cellphone you’d just need a working outlet every day or so. Folks would stop going to work, stop seeing their friends, stop eating, stop doing anything.”

Braxus nodded, “You got it human. Relto-5 fell apart. Sure enough, a huge number of them refused to use the devices. Early on there was even an attack on the factory that made the tech. The company that made the tech just said that if the devices were used responsibly, in a limited fashion, they were fine to use.”

“Yeah, like anyone is going to use an automatic happiness button responsibly,” Jill muttered.

"Precisely, human,” Braxus said. “Anyway, ten years after the tech was introduced it all came to a head. Bit by bit the population had decided to try the tech. Most folks were suspicious at first, and plenty of folks only used the tech sparingly in the beginning. But that didn’t last long. More and more folks gave up on everything, stopped living. Society can hardly run if a third of all people are basically useless, can it? Not enough doctors and nurses, not enough teachers, not enough manufacturing, not enough farmers. Crime went through the roof as people who couldn’t afford the tech stole them or did what they had to to get one. The things broke from time to time, and you can’t imagine what a person would do to get that feeling back. Plenty of times cops broke into a house only the find the owner murdered, with the murderer sitting right next to the body, plugged in and smiling and motionless. They left them plugged in most of the time, easier than having them try to claw you apart in their effort to get hooked back up.”

The images on the screen kept changing, showing new scenes from the dead world. Jill didn’t want to see anymore fields of dead people, but she couldn’t look away.

“Finally,” Braxus said, “It all fell apart. Their governments crumbled as their leaders started hooking themselves up. The worse things got, the less food there was, the less medicine, the more tempting it was to hook yourself up. Within fifty years of the commercial release of the tech, every frev on the planet was dead. Unsuccessful Terminal Hedonism, yeah? Now, then, this planet on the other hand.”

Braxus killed the display of Relto-5 and gestured back at the dark planet on the main viewscreen.
”They pulled it off. Did it organized like. See that’s not really a dead planet, there are at least 10 billion sentients still alive down there I’d say. Having a hard time translating their language, and I don’t have much to go on. Here, listen.”

Braxus pushed a button and suddenly a noise issued from the bridge’s audio system. It took Jill a moment to recognize this as speech, the speaker took no pauses or breathes, but rather uttered an unbroken stream of syllables. Their voices were much higher pitched than a human.

”What’s it say?” she asked.

”Difficult to tell exactly”, Braxus replied, “But the gist is a message to any visitors. Their species appears to be called the sultoon. They’re asking to be left alone. Looks like they all plugged themselves in about….. 10,000 of your earth years ago.:

”Wait, the same people? All that time”, she interjected. “Yeah, looks like,” Braxus said, glancing again at the information on the screen, “Could be they have long natural lifespans, but my guess is tech again, artificially keeping them young, or keeping them alive long past when they’d otherwise die, which ain’t quite the same thing o’course. It was all planned, see, down to the last detail. They developed AI to run the machines, mine the mines, run the powerplants, and look after the sultoon. Then, on the same day, one big event, everyone reports to their designated area and they all get plugged in. Been there ever since. So long as they can keep getting power one way or another I reckon they’ll stay that way until their sun expands.”

The dread and wrongness Jill was feeling deepened into horror as she contemplated this. She was about to say something when the monitor beeped urgently.

“Oh, and a warning,” Braxus said, “looks like they’ve got autonomous defense systems in case anyone tries to fuck with them."

Braxus spun around a grin, gleam in their ebon eyes.

”Wanna go down and take a closer look, yeah?”

Jill stared at them for a moment, incredulous. “Didn’t you just say they had auto defenses?”

Braxus waved breezily, “Well yeah, but they aint nothing I can’t get through. Come on, it’ll be interestin.”

Jill nearly refused. She desperately didn’t want to see this planet close up. Everything about what she was faced with sat very wrong with her. She knew instinctively that if she saw those sentients down there, saw what they’d done to themselves, she’d never be able to get away from that image. But she’d feel like a coward if she didn’t see for herself. She nodded grimly, “Ok, lets do it. “

*********

Roughly an hour later the Opportunity landed in what resembled a city square. Scorch marks crisscrossed the hull where Braxus had been less than successful in dodging the planet’s surface-to-orbit lasers. Jill staggered out of the ship on wobbly legs and promptly threw up. Braxus followed behind moments later, apologetic.

”Ah shit, Jill, oh fuck, can I get you anything? What helps humans?”

In between retches Jill managed to speak, “What the fuck was that Brax? I hit the fucking ceiling of the fucking bridge when you rolled, why didn’t you tell me to strap in first?”

"I didn’t think it would be that bad, strek me, their tech is old as fuck. I figured the cloaker would do the trick, and the jammers if not that. Didn’t streking think I’d actually have to dodge shit.”

”Fuck.” - retch - “You.”

After a few minutes Jill was able to stand and take in her surroundings. It was dark, the only lights were from the ship. She removed a small flashlight from her jacket and clicked it on. In the circle of light she saw thick cables running alongside streets and up the sides of buildings. It was upsettingly quiet, and Jill couldn’t help but break the silence. “Well, we know what we’re really here to see, so let’s fucking see it.”

Braxus nodded. “Careful human, I’m mostly sure I shook their attention by the time I landed but we could be snert deep in killbots in ten minutes if we’re not quiet. The detonator flares probably fooled them into thinking we were vaporized, and I put us down far away enough from any life signals that I’m thinking they’re not looking where we are, but we gotta watch our step, yeah?”

Jill nodded and killed the flashlight. Braxus handed her low light goggles and slipped on a pair themself. She activated the goggles and suddenly it seemed as if a bright sun was shining down on the area. On the older architecture she could see decoration, color, aesthetics, but the more recent, relatively speaking, the structures, the more austere they became. Braxus and Jill made their way away from the ship, towards where Braxus detected life signs, stepping as quietly as they could. They remained entirely silent, gesturing when they needed to communicate. It didn’t take long for Braxus to point to a particular building, a black metallic rectangular cuboid. It took Braxus a moment to figure out how to open the door, being unfamiliar with sultoon tech and physiology, but eventually the door slid sideway, revealing a pitch black entryway.

The trexian and the human crept inside and glanced upwards. The entire building was one room, the size of what Jill would think of as a large warehouse. Packed in as tightly as they could fit were row upon row of glass pods, stacked one upon each other in a metal frame. Hiding as well as they could, Braxus and Jill watched small hovering robots, kept aloft by some kind of antigrav, float among the pods. All of them were engaged in some kind of work, different tools extending from their frames to make repairs and adjustments.

Jill tapped her goggles, zooming her vision in to get a better look at the inhabitants of the pods. When she finally got a clear look at them a sensation of awful numbness took her over.

The sultoon were quadrupedal, symmetrical in every direction from a top down view. Four legs supported a mostly cylindrical body, with four grasping appendages higher up. Jill couldn’t quite figure out what their sensory organs were. Even as alien as their forms were to her, she knew she wasn’t seeing them as they once had been. Their bodies were utterly atrophied, skin and muscles hanging loosely from their skeletal systems. They moved slightly in their pods, suspended in a bluish liquid. Cables and tubes ran into their bodies. Thousands of them, looking at nothing, making slight noises of what Jill took to be pleasure, or whatever their species’ equivalent was. Braxus whispered to Jill, their mouth right next to her ear.

”Yeah, alive way past their natural lifespans. Look closely at their bodies, see the incisions?”

Jill had to zoom her vision in even more to see them, but sure enough, each and every sultoon was crisscrossed with extremely thin healed wounds. As she scanned the rows of pods, she spotted where the cuts came from. In one of the pods, an opening appeared, revealing that the liquid was part of a connected series of tubes. Two small robots swam into the pod, towing a fleshy lump behind them. As Jill watched, the two robots extended grasping arms and small blades, and they began performing some kind of surgery on the sultoon. As they cut, the sultoon didn’t respond. In a matter of minutes, they had extracted some organ and replaced it with the lump they had brought with them, efficiently stitching the flesh together with barely a hint of any damage.

”See,” Braxus muttered, “all automated, all nice and efficient. Old organs go bad, replace them with new ones. Somewhere on this planet they got big old organ farms, guarantee.”

Jill felt like vomiting again. She suddenly couldn’t be in this place anymore. She swiftly turned to leave.

She moved too quickly, and her hand caught a piece of loose debris as she turned. With a shocking clang it fell against the floor.

”Fuck, run!” Braxus shouted.

The hovering robots spun as one and trained their sensors on the two interlopers, moving with frightening speed. Jill and Braxus sprinted towards the door. Lines of searing light leapt from the pursuing machines, cutting through metal and stone like it wasn’t there, barely missing the fleeing pair.

As they fled the formerly silent city erupted with buzzing menace, as long dormant bots sprang from their docking stations in response to the intruders. All attempt at stealth was left behind as Jill and Braxus haphazardly rushed towards the Opportunity, knocking discarded ancient machinery out of their way in their attempt to stay ahead of flying death.

A few heartbeats later they rounded a corner and saw the comforting sight of the ship.

”Silprey doth kairi!” Braxus shouted, the programmed command word for an emergency exit. The ship simultaneously opened the doors, began takeoff preparations, and activated its own autonomous slug launchers. A trio of sultoon bots appeared only to be perforated with three precise shots from the ship.

The sentients fled into the safety of the ship, Braxus immediately throwing themself into the pilot’s chair.

”Definitely strap in this time, ok?” they screamed over the sound of the the battle raging outside.

Not needing to be told twice, Jill sat in the co-pilots chair and began buckling herself in. She had barely gotten the last of the safety belts in place before her stomach dropped as the ship shot into the sky. The bots where left behind immediately, but Jill could guess what was about to happen next.

Violet lasers the width of telephone poles suddenly arced across the sky, seeking to cut the Opportunity out of the air. Braxus wrenched the controls and the ship spun into a maneuver that insulted physics. Almost every laser missed the hull by a few inches, save for one that blasted a scar across a more heavily armored section of the ship. A few ass clenching moments later, the Opportunity blasted out of the outer atmosphere and into the safety of empty space.

The crew of two remained perfectly silent for several minutes, Jill breathing heavily and Braxus allowing their oxygen membranes to do their work.

”Hey Braxus?” Jill said.

”Yeah Jill?”

”Don’t let me ever try that tech, ok?”

”I promise.”

What's Judgement Anyway?

Folks throw the words “judgement” and “judging” around a lot, most typically in the context of “judging people”. In American culture this is largely due to the Christian requirement to abstain from judging others. Indeed, within the Christian religion escape from the judgement of God is contingent on one personally abstaining from judging others (parallel to the idea that God will only forgive the sins of those who forgive the wrongs committed against them, whatever forgiveness is).

But I’m frequently uncertain as to exactly how the word is used.

I might know how someone is using the term. In a legal sense I get it: to declare someone guilty or innocent (taken care of by juries in many systems), or else to pass down a sentence.

I would know what you meant if you used it in the sense of “assess, rate, compare”, as in judging a sports competition or comparing restaurants.

I would know what you mean if you used it in the sense of “to assess what something is, or what category it belongs to”, in the sense of saying “I judge that to be an elm tree” or, perhaps “In my judgement you have a cold”, or, perhaps, “Against my better judgement I’ll allow it [meaning, ‘in my judgement this is a bad idea but I’ll allow it anyway’]”. This is perhaps conceptually related to the idea of judging in a legal sense: “To assess whether or not a crime was committed”, “To determine what an appropriate sentence would be”.

I would know what you mean if you used it in the sense of referring to a kind of reasoning faculty, or perhaps if you used it to refer to something like “insight”, in the sense of “she has good judgement” or “use your best judgement”. This is related to the idea discussed in the previous paragraph.

So far I’ve only mentioned the easier to describe usages for “judgement”. There are other ways the word is used, typically referring to certain emotional phenomena, perhaps by analogy we might speak of a spectrum of human emotion and part of that spectrum might be what is often referred to as “judging someone”, or else if we think of human emotional experiences as cross-connected nodes, where we can group certain connected nodes into sets (these will overlap), perhaps one of those sets we might describe as “judging others” (is this a good analogy? I’m not convinced). I’ll describe what I experience that I tend to describe as “judgement”, but of course my internal experience may vary considerably from yours.

Perhaps: a kind of disposition towards someone, a dislike of them based on their behavior, an aversion to them, anger towards them.

Perhaps: a kind of disposition towards someone, thinking myself superior or better than them, perhaps as a person or with respect to some particular attribute. But what’s “superior as a person” mean in this context? It’s strange, I’m tempted to say it doesn’t mean anything, that “superior” has to refer to to some measurable quality (between two runners, the superior runner is the one who more reliably wins races), but there is something else there, something difficult to pin down. Runners have a goal, and hammers a purpose (we might speak of one hammer being a better hammer, a superior hammer), and so I know what “superior” means there, but humans have only the goals given by themselves or by others, and humans have only the purposes they give themselves or are given to them by others. And so I know what it means to be a “superior employee” - a purpose given to someone by someone else - but I don’t know what it means to be a superior person. And yet, I have some idea of what I mean when I say “I feel superior to someone, I feel like I am better than someone”, and it feels like it goes beyond a simple belief of “I am better at running than someone” or even, although it is sometimes a related belief, “My behavior/character is , on average, less harmful than someone else’s behavior/character”. But what is this feeling? Is it related to the idea of being superior in a measurable way? I wonder if it’s something like the notion of a social hierarchy? Perhaps the feeling of “being better than someone as a person” is some emotional/psychological sense of our position in a, perhaps unspoken, social hierarchy. Perhaps the feeling of “being better than someone” in a moral sense is some emotional/psychological sense of our position in the moral/spiritual/divine hierarchy? Within cultures a variety of things can affect social status: etiquette, speech, dress, wealth, fame, family, nobility, titles, caste systems, adhering to social norms, etc. Of course, in contexts where superiority is closely tied to some measurable quality there will be overlap between the idea of, for example, “being the superior writer” and “being superior with respect to social hierarchy”. I wonder how closely related contemporary human notions/realities of social hierarchy are to non-human animal social hierarchies? At any rate, I have some idea of what some are getting at when they use the word “judging” in the context of “feeling superior to someone”.

It might have hints of “I would have done otherwise had it been me”, when we speak of judging someone for their actions.

That’s all the ways of using “judgement” or “judging” I can think of.

What are the effects of each of these? Do I want these effects?

In a legal sense, to declare someone innocent or guilty, or else to pass down a sentence: I mean, I want a legal system, and this feels like a pretty integral part of that. So yeah, this is fine in and of itself. Obviously there are more or less harmful kinds of legal systems.

In the sense of “assess, rate, compare”: again, by itself, not a harmful thing. There are potentially harmful iterations I suppose. Also pretty inevitable human activity.

In the sense of “to assess what something is, or what category it belongs to”, same answer as above. Also pretty inevitable human activity.

In the sense of “insight” or “use good judgement”: This is a thing which exists, so my opinion on it is pretty irrelevant. Developing insight and refining one’s judgement is a helpful thing, more of that please.

In the sense of “a kind of disposition towards someone, a dislike of them based on their behavior, an aversion to them, anger towards them”: humans seem to naturally do this, and it’s not an easy thing to rid oneself of, nor is it even necessarily possible for everyone in all cases. Probably less of this kind of judgement is helpful, both individually and socially. Generally, I am against humans disliking one another. However, demanding that people who have been wronged by someone not dislike the harm-doer is unreasonable: it may not even be possible for that person to do as you demand. Also, I wonder if in certain cases this kind of judgement might be socially helpful? I’m not super sure about the net effects of social ostracization of people, depending on circumstances. Like, I get it if people don’t want to be around people who do particularly heinous things, and maybe that can be a deterrent for others who might also do heinous things? But, on the other hand, if this ostracization ends up being permanent, does that take away a potential incentive for reformation? If someone has the sense that they will never, as it where, be reaccepted by the community, might they give up seeking character reformation? Maybe it’s sometimes sensible for serious harm-doers to be permanently ostracized from the community wherein they performed their heinous act while also allowing for them to, eventually at least, join and be accepted by a different community? And is maybe a broad social agreement that a Stalin or a Hitler are Bad Guys helpful to prevent other people from going down that path? Also, if someone is being mistreated by someone and their attempt at enlightened dispassion towards them is making them more vulnerable to being mistreated then I’m going to be in favor of them just disliking the person who is mistreating them. I’ll support the idea of having a positive disposition towards someone who has wronged you, but only if this doesn’t come at the expense of other, more immediately necessary, goals. There are those rare few who are able to truly embrace a kind of patient universal love for all humans, and I’m always going to be glad for that and think it’s good that there be more of that, but I also understand that this isn’t a reasonable ask in most situations.

Maybe there are sensible differences to discuss with respect to how we treat those who mistreat us vs those who mistreat others?

In general, I expect that the more developed one’s insight is, the broader one’s perspective, and the more they understand the causes of human behavior, the more this kind of judgement will diminish in that person. To some degree this kind of judgement may be fueled by irrationality, as in when it is connected to the idea of “I would have done otherwise had it been me”. This is irrational if only because there is no way to know that, and it might even be irrational in a more fundamental sense. We can imagine the idea of “if I had been in your place, but with all the factors that make me me, I would not have behaved as you behaved”, but this is only possible to imagine in the context of some major time/space rule breaking. If you where them, you would be all of them: their genetics rather than yours, their upbringing rather than yours, their experiences rather than yours, their brain rather than yours. And in that context, does it even make sense to ask if you would do otherwise? Why would you? Would you even be you? In this last example we are imagining that “you” could be taken out of your body and put into someone else’s, but this is to suppose some kind of “soul”. But maybe what I am is the mind of this body. Perhaps “I” am generated by this body? Perhaps the idea of me being you makes as much sense as the sound of flute being the sound of another flute. Maybe “I” an an event, something this body is experiencing/doing?

Or maybe not, who knows? I haven’t a clue how consciousness works, and so far as I can tell neither does anyone else.

In the sense of “feeling superior with respect to some measurable quality”: it’s fine to have a clearheaded perception of yourself and your traits. But bear in mind how hard it is to be clearheaded about such things. And don’t be an asshole. And keep in mind all the background stuff that lets people be good at stuff: opportunities and genetics and environment and randomness. And remember other people are better at other stuff.

In the sense of “feeling that one’s behavior/character is less harmful than someone else’s”: basically the same answer as the previous paragraph, minus the bit about remembering how other people are better at other stuff, since I don’t think one can defend their bad behavior by pointing out that they’re a good cook. Although maybe there’s something to be said about…. having more or less beneficial/harmful behavior in different ways? Think of someone who’s very apt to give their money to those in need, but also gossips a lot.


In the sense of “feeling superior in a social sense, having a sense of being higher on the social ladder”: fuck this nonsense. It’s pretty ingrained in us, so it’ll take some doing to disentangle ourselves from this awful phenomenon, but the more we let go of social hierarchy the better off we’ll all be.

In the sense of “feeling superior in a moral sense, having a sense of being higher on the moral/divine ladder”: again, fuck this nonsense. This is even worse in my opinion. Get over yourself, read up on the concept of moral luck, read up on the underlying causes of human behavior, google the lead-crime hypothesis, etc.



What's Forgiveness Anyway?

Folks throw the word “forgive” around a lot. In some contexts I know what that could mean. To forgive a debt, for example. I get that: “to no longer maintain a legal expectation of someone forking money over”. But then folks use it in a moral or emotional sense and I’m less certain what we’re talking about.

If someone meant by “forgive” something like “to cease being angry about something done to you"”, I would understand what that meant. But that’s not exactly something that’s necessarily in someone’s control, anymore than “feeling pain’ is in someone’s control when accidentally touching a hot stove. It might be somewhat in someone’s control in the long-term I suppose, but you could never guarantee that this would be possible.

If someone meant by “forgive” something like “letting go of something someone did to you, not thinking about it anymore, not ruminating on it, moving past it”, then I might know what they meant by that. But, as above, that’s not 100 percent within someone’s control.

If someone meant by “forgive” something like “to not seek retaliation, to not seek revenge”, I might know what that would mean. It’s important to parse the difference between this and “to seek for the harm-causer to be stopped (for example by legal means), to seek for the harm-causer to be reformed”. Notably someone might seek these goals while also desiring retaliation. In a legal context, they might want the criminal justice system to stop this person out of consideration for other potential victims while also getting emotional satisfaction from seeing the perpetrator locked up.

If someone meant by “forgive” something like “to come to a place where the victim cares about the harm-causer, to come to a place where the victim loves the harm-causer” I might know what that would mean. Although, as above, this is not necessarily entirely within the control of the victim.

Beyond this I don’t really understand in what other manner the word “forgiveness” is used.

Now, turning to what is perhaps the more important question: what are the effects of each of these and is is something that I want or you want or we want?

With respect to my first suggestion: anger typically stops or inhibits someone from experiencing positive emotions such as happiness, peace, joy, excitement, pleasure, etc. It also tends to dull the reasoning faculties. If someone has the choice, less angry is usually the better choice, especially over the long term. But, again, this isn’t entirely up to the victim. If someone wronged can stop being angry over the wrong done to them then I would recommend that, but I think it’s not great to demand that they do this.

My response to the idea of “letting go of something someone did to you, not thinking about it anymore, not ruminating on it, moving past it” then my response is pretty similar: probably optimal if you can pull it off, but there’s no guarantees that can happen.

My response to the idea of “to not seek retaliation, to not seek revenge” , yeah that’s probably for the best, both individually and socially. When it comes to crimes it’s not an optimal society if everyone is individually seeking revenge for crimes committed against them: humane character reformation through the state apparatus is a much more socially healthy way to deal with that. And for not-crimes it’s still probably a better world without folks seeking revenge for wrongs done to them. Wisdom will be needed to separate examples of revenge from examples of self-defense, and I won’t pretend it will always be easy to parse that.

My response to “seeking to prevent the harm-causer from harming others, seeking character reformation for the harm-causer” yeah, that’s pretty much always going to be socially helpful, and criminals undergoing behavioral reformation is, at least in the context of a criminal justice system that embraces restorative justice, probably a good thing. Some people I want locked up, and I bet that’s the case with you as well. In a non-criminal sense it’s also desirable that steps be taken to prevent someone in the habit of harming people from doing that, and it’s also desirable to pursue avenues that encourage folks with harmful behavioral patterns to amend their behavior.

My response to the idea of “to come to a place where the victim cares about the harm-causer, to come to a place where the victim loves the harm-causer” is: the effect of a victim loving/caring about the harm-causer can often be bad for the victim because their love/caring can be exploited by the harm-causer, allowing for further abuse (this will depend somewhat on how one is using the word “love”). Sometimes people can have it within themselves to care about someone deeply while also maintaining an ironclad insistence on not being poorly treated and insisting that the beloved doesn’t treat others poorly, which is socially and personally helpful. More compassion and love is socially helpful, and often personally helpful, potentially at least, but this compassion and love cannot detract from the social need for behavioral reformation In short: if loving or caring about the harm-causer can be accomplished without sacrificing other, more immediately necessary, goods, then it’s likely helpful both individually and socially. However, the manner in which I tend to use the word “love” would include the notion that “to love someone means to want them to behave in non-harmful ways”, which suggests to me that a lot of how this all plays out depends on how one is using the term “love”.

A Letter to my Young Self

I am turning 30 later this week, which has put me in a reflective mood. I thought a nice way to process some of my emotions surrounding this birthday would be to write a letter of advice to my younger self, at no particular age.

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Hello there! I hope this letter finds you well. I felt it appropriate to pass along some pieces of advice I think might be useful to you. I’ll divide these into categories as best I can, but there’s going to be some inevitable overlap. I’m not sure when this letter will find you, hopefully early on. Here goes.


On romantic relationships

You are going to be interested in girls pretty early on. From a very young age you are going to experience a crushingly strong desire to have a girlfriend. As the years go by, should everything remain the same, that desire isn’t going to be satisfied until college. This will be very difficult for you, and, should this come to pass, you are going to emotionally struggle with it. Part of this will be a genuine desire for companionship, some of it will be due to sexual urges, and some of it will be a desire for the social acceptance that a romantic relationship signifies. In your mind, getting a girlfriend will be the ultimate indicator that you’re “ok”, which is a pretty formless emotion comprised of a lot of factors, but you know what I mean I think.

To my knowledge, there are two main reasons why you will struggle with romantic relationships and securing yourself a girlfriend. The first issue is this: you are under the impression that the trick to getting a girl to like you is to be impressive. I’m not….exactly sure why that happened. Something something media, something something movies implying male hero protagonists deserve sex (or at least that it is the inevitable outcome of acting heroically), something something toxic masculinity. I dunno. The point is, you have it in your head that girls date men they are impressed by. And that….has some degree of truth to it I suppose. Certainly being able to impress a girl can help land a first date, and it can serve (but is not always necessary for) as an initial catalyst for a girl noticing you. However, you will severely miscalculate the degree to which impressiveness is a factor in securing and maintaining a romantic relationship., and your attempts to be impressive will most often end up just being off-putting. What you actually need to be able to do is to relate to girls. Talk with them. Find shared interests. You will not find a girlfriend just based on how many push-ups you can do. Don’t treat opportunities to talk with girls as opportunities to impress. Just talk and make friends and see where it goes.

However, this approach is going to be complicated by a secondary factor, which is this: you are going to end up kind of thinking about women as if they’re sort of a different species then you. You’re going to absorb so much “Men are from mars, Women are from Venus” type stuff that you’re going to be trained to see women as incomprehensible, alien, and driven by emotions and instincts that are so different from yours that your man-brain could never hope to find common ground. This is all bullshit. This isn’t to say there aren’t any differences whatsoever, there are. But these differences are going to so over-emphasized, by culture and media and religion, that it’s possibly not surprising you had a hard time relating to girls. Just….they’re people ok? Humans, doing human stuff. They got baby teeth that fall out, they got birthdays, they got bills to pay, they have heartbreak and joy and loneliness, just like you do. Treat them like people and you’ll do fine. Treat them as the same kind of thing as yourself.

Note: How one conceives of impressiveness will have an effect on how one engages with the above passages. As a young man I thought of impressiveness largely in terms of athletic prowess, intelligence, and rhetorical skill. I suppose you could imagine a scenario in which someone says of their significant other “I was impressed by how good of a listener they were” or “I was impressed by the kindness they displayed” or even “I was impressed by how much we connected.”, which feels a bit different.

On balance, and avoiding extremes

You will have a tendency to go to extremes. You will have an enormously black and white view of the world, breaking as many things as possibly into binaries of good and bad. Your thinking will follow the lines of: “If X is good, then more X is always good. By extension, less X is always bad.” This kind of thinking is going to wreck you. On some level you’re going to feel that balance is…inauthentic somehow? Or that it’s a manifestation of relativism or something? Well, also you have OCD and depressive tendencies. Yeah, sorry, probably should have told you that earlier on. Sorry about that. At any rate, the OCD and depression have, as a symptom ( maybe cause?) that you see the world in black and white. This way of thinking is going to cause you to have a bad time, and I recommend disengaging from it as soon as possible.

Consider your physical health. In many ways maintaining your health relies on you maintaining a balance between two extremes. It’s bad for you to be too hot or too cold. You can have too much Vitamin A or too little. In fact, probably most of the factors relating to your health rely on a balance. Now, there are certain factors relating to health that more closely resemble a binary, or at least a situation where moving the slider in a particular direction is always better than the other direction. While there are all kinds of nutrients you need, you don’t need lead at all. The ideal amount of lead in your system is 0, and the further from 0 you get the worse it is.

These two paradigms, finding a balance between extremes and adhering as close as possible to an extreme, mirror the ways you have to interact with the world. Time and wisdom and experience will help you figure out when to apply each paradigm. For example, there is a tension in the human life between spontaneity and order, between flexibility and rigidity, between impulse and discipline. Your life can be too spontaneous, devoid of schedule and routine and order. Your life can be too rigid, with no room for the inherent randomness of life and none of the joy of newness and change. Find a balance. Where that balance is will change throughout your life, and it may look differently for different people. On the other hand, consider the emotion/impulse of cruelty. Everyone has a bit of cruelty in them, but there really is no need for it. The ideal amount of cruelty in a person is none at all. You don’t have to strike a balance between cruelty and kindness (although you may have to find a balance in the compassion you extend to others and the care you extend to yourself, which is quite different). Don’t be afraid of balance.

On school and your education

Your life is going to go a lot better if you take your education more seriously. People are going to be telling you to take school seriously all your life, and most of that isn’t going to land. Part of this is because they’re going to try to motivate you by telling you about the importance of getting a good job. However, you don’t have any bills to pay, you haven’t a clue what a 401(k) is, and you’re blissfully ignorant of “the struggle.” It is impossible for you to be motivated by what is, to you, a far off and unrelatable experience. Don’t get me wrong, doing well in school can absolutely help you financially down the line, but that’s not the only reason to take schooling seriously.

It’s going to be difficult for you to internalize the gift you’ve been given. The education you’re being given for free is something kings would have paid fortunes to give to their children. You have the opportunity to read more literature, know more about the physical nature of the world around you, gain more insight into mathematics and history and art and so much more, then even the most prestigious scholars of just about every past century. it’s an incalculable gift, and it’s only the weird brain glitch humans have, where we think things are less valuable depending on how many other people have them, that’s stopping you from realizing this.

Look, knowledge is sacred. Knowing about the world, being able to have perspective on it, having a depth of understanding, is one of the greatest abilities humans possess. Education can elevate your mind in incredible ways, can help you see meaning and beauty and joy and cleverness in everything you see. Don’t squander this gift.

A Brain Scan Thought Experiment

You’re sitting down with an apparatus connected to your head. On a screen on the nearby wall you are watching a live feed of your brain activity. In some fashion, displayed on the screen, is the encoded information for all of your conscious experiences, including the experience of looking at the information on the screen.

So, included in the code is the experience of looking at the code, which means….the code has the code itself encoded inside it? And in that second layer of code would also be the code for the experience of seeing the code. And so on.

How far down would this go?

I have a feeling this experiment might not actually work out the way I think it will, but at the moment I can’t spot the error.

Somehow the lag in the feed would be factored into this. Because it would take a bit of time for the machine to pull data from your nervous system and then display it. So…you’d be seeing an encoded version of….what you just saw a moment ago I guess. I think the experiment still works, even taking this into account.

I'm Not Sure the Word "Deserve" Actually Ends up Meaning Much

Sometimes people say the word deserve in a context where I don’t actually think it ends up meaning much. Certainly, with respect to a particular rule system you could intelligibly make claims about who deserves what. Saying “the fastest runner in the race deserves to win” seems to make a certain amount of sense, although it just seems like what you’re really getting at is “the fastest runner of the race is the winner”. I suppose you could imagine a 1st place prize being awarded to someone who actually was the second fastest, but in a certain sense I’d be tempted to say the fastest runner still is the winner, but the awarding committee has erroneously claimed someone else is the winner. I suppose in a certain sense the winner is the person walking away with the prize money, but I think you get what I’m getting at.

No, this is not what I’m referring to. Folks seem to make sort of…..generalized claims about what other folk deserve. Sometimes it’s good:“you deserve healthcare”, or “you deserve happiness”. Sometimes it’s bad: “so and so deserves to die” or “you deserve what’s coming to you.”. I have to admit…I have no idea what this might mean. From a secular perspective I definitely haven’t a clue what you mean. Like…actually, what do you mean? You might want someone to be happy, or you might want someone to die for some infraction or another, but you don’t seem to be claiming that this is just what you want. You might be saying something like “the optimal society is one wherein X consequence comes as a result of X behavior”. That would make a certain amount of sense. But why not just say that, precisely, then? That’s the sort of thing I could meaningfully interact with. For example, I think a society without the death penalty is actually a much better society, and then we would have a discussion. Hard to talk about what people deserve though.

From a theistic perspective you can get a little farther with the concept. You might be appealing to something like the Levitical laws, which has fairly straightforward “if someone does X then Y is the punishment” stuff. In that context X deserves Y just means: Y is what the people of Israel have been commanded to do to you if you happen to do X. From a Christian perspective it all gets a bit hazier, since the New Testament doesn’t have anything like the Levitical laws, and we have at least one instance (woman caught in adultery) where Christ straight up shuts down an attempt at enforcing one of the Levitical Laws. For Christians, saying “X deserves Y” doesn’t usually make sense to me. Sometimes you’ll get a Christian saying “everyone deserves hell”, which basically comes out to either “In fact, God is going to send everyone to hell, absent Christ’s salvific action” or perhaps “Hell is the natural consequence of sin, and everyone has sinned, so in fact everyone is going to hell, absent Christ’s salvific action”. Those may not roll of the tongue as well, but I think it paints a clearer picture of what your trying to say. You might be appealing to some sort of “ought”, but I really don’t know what the unqualified “ought” is supposed to be anyway (see my post titled The Language of Ethics).

At any rate, here we are, and I have another suggestion. Jettison the word “deserve”. I don’t think it ends up meaning much, and it’s vague enough to be unhelpful for communication.